PE ^V1 
.H43 



HART^5 

[PRIMARY 

GRAMMAR 




B FJOHNSON 
PUBLISHING CO. 
RICHMOND,VA. 



2ncl COPY, 
1898. 




LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

"P ei \\l 

Chap. Copyright No. 

Shelf.„^t:i.:^ ^ 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



PRIMARY 



English Grammar. 



/ 

JOHN HART, 

Principal of several schools, and Author of 
Lectures on English, &c. 



B. F. Johnson Publishing Co. 

Richmond, Virginia. 

1898. 



.Ht3 






0063 



Copyright, 1898, 

BY 

B. F. JOHNSON PUBLISHING CO., 
Richmond, Ya. 






.."■*■'*. 



cfC" 






INTRODUCTION. 



TT IS a common saying of many teachers that the subject of 
English Grammar seems to give results less reliable than 
those obtained by equal diligence in almost any other branch 
of a young student* s work. 

This view is probably delusive. In the main, the facts of 
the language are plain, easily grouped and reasonably conso- 
nant with laws. But it may happen, and in many cases it does 
happen, that pupils derive from fhe study of English Grammar 
the great essential result of speaking and writing correctly, in 
a way so closely connected with the instinctive knowledge 
which comes from daily practice that no one can say how 
much of this composite ability is due to their apparently un- 
fruitful studies in technical grammar. Hence daily practice 
is often credited with all of a facility a part of which is gen- 
erally due to the training in observation, the clear statement of 
principle and the scientific explanation which form the practi- 
cal grammar. 

In the study of a foreign language no confusion as to 
results can commonly arise. A.11 the results, in such a case, 
must be credited to the grammatical studies alone, and from 
this fact arises the view held by many people that, while there 



INTRODUCTION. 



is a scientific, teachable grammar of Latin and of Greek, there 
is none of the EngHsh Language. 

The accompanying book embodies a method and a 
sequence of presenting the essential facts in English Grammar 
which are the result of many years of patient trial. No special 
originality is claimed for it, and the author would in many 
cases be puzzled to declare whether a statement was originally 
his own, or had been borrowed unconsciously from some for- 
gotten source. But a claim is confidently made that the book 
will be found in harmony with the best of the multitude of 
authors who have been consulted in its preparation, accurate, 
clear, concise, natural in arrangement, and pre-eminently a 
book with which large and reliable results can be obtained by 
reasonable effort. 



SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. 

\ I WHATEVER may be the difference of opinion among- 
* ^ teachers as to the most judicious general method of teach- 
ing grammar, there is no sort of question that habits of accuracy 
on the part of pupils are more aided by the frequent use of 
exercises in writing than by almost every other means ; and 
it is needless to say that the habit of accuracy must underlie 
every other valuable acquisition that a student makes. 

The one objection which can be urged against frequent 
written exercises is that they consume a deal of time. This 
objection would lie equally well against almost everything that 
is properly done, and, in the case of written work in grammar 
classes, it is the fact that the time consumed is the time of the 
individual students out of class and not the time of the class 
and that of the teacher. In fact, one of the values of written 
work is that it enables the teacher to mark for a class a lesson 
of sufficient difficulty, and, by taking up the written work and 
correcting it out of hours, to save the lesson time, for the pre- 
sentation of some other subject to the class. A pretty compre- 
hensive review of the various sections of this book will be found 
to be suggested in the directions for written work at the close 
of the volume. But it is hoped that the teacher who uses the 
book will not wait until his classes reach the end before he 
gives frequent directions for written work. 

In the beginning these directions can be made by varying 
the text in almost any interesting manner. After the classes 



SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. 



reach the point at which instructions have been given for pars- 
ing words, a most excellent practice is to assign certain sen- 
tences out of the exercises, or to make similar sentences, and 
have the parsing written out in full. The order in which the 
etymological facts are to be stated is one which should be 
strictly followed, not only because it is the natural order for 
English, but because it is the natural order in language 
generally. 

There are many things omitted from this book which, in 
case of many classes of beginners, the teacher might find it 
valuable to introduce. For instance, it did not harmonize 
with the plan of the book to introduce any statements about 
the distinction between natural and artificial gender; about 
the usefulness of the Potential Mood in English, etc. In 
making good such omissions each teacher must be guided by 
his knowledge of the quality of his class. In some cases such 
additions would be perfectly appreciated and highly valuable, 
while in other cases they would be useless, and even worse. 
A few blank pages are bound into the back of the book to 
accommodate such notes in this direction as the judgment 
of the teacher may suggest. 




G) 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



Page. 

Nouns 9-18 

Classification 9-10 

Gender 10-12 

Person 12 

Number 12-15 

Compound Nouns 15 

Declension 16 

Verbs 18-30 

Voice 19 

Mood 19-20 

Tense 20-21 

Person and Number 21 

Regular and Irregular 21-22 

Conjugation 22-24 

Auxiliary . , . 54-56 

Complete Conjugation » . . 61-66 

Infinitives , . . 67-69 

Participles . 70-71 

Prepositions 30-32 

Adjectives 33-37 

Comparison 33-34 

Numerals 36 

Cardinals 36 

Ordinals 36 

Distributives 36 

Demonstratives 36 

Indefinites 36 

Interrogatives 36 

Comparatives and Superlatives ,..,.,,. 78-70 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



Pronouns ' 38-45 

Personal 38-39 

Compound 39-40 

Interrogative 40 

Possessive ' 41 

Relative 42 

Adjective 44-45 

AxDVERBS 46-48 

Comparison , 46 

Classification , 47 

Responsives 48 

Exclamations 49 

Conjunctions . 50 

Correlatives 51 

Sentences. . 72-82 

Analysis 82-87 

Written Review^ . 88-91 

Review Exercise 91-95 

Irregular Verbs ....'.. 96-98 



PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

1. Language is the arrangement of words by 
proper rules, and Grammar is the collection of the 
facts and rules of language. 

2. The Words in a language are called Parts 
of Speech, and are of eight different kinds : 
Nouns, Verbs, Prepositions, Adjectives, Pro- 
nouns, Adverbs, Exclamations, Conjunctions. 

3. Inflection is a change in form to fit words for 
different uses. 

THE NOUN. 

4. A Noun is the name of a person or of a thing; 
as, Mary, Thomas, city, horse ; and Nouns are of 
several classes. 

(1.) A Common Noun is a general name or the 
name of a class of things ; as, boy, girl, city, country. 

(2.) A Proper Noun is a particular name ; as, 
Lucy, James, London, France. A Proper Noun 
always begins with a capital letter. 

(3.) A Collective Noun is the name of a collec- 
tion of things ; as, army, flock, pack. 

2 



10 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

(4.) An Abstract Noun is the name of a quality,^ 
as, beauty, length, goodness. 

In the following Exercise, state the class to which 
each noun belongs. Example : Robert is a proper 
noun because it is a particular name. 

EXERCISE I. 
Robert, cow, swarm, length, Sarah, road, blanket, horse, 
Joseph, city, emperor, stove, sweetness, river, Washington, 
depth, gate, crowd, town, James, pig, Susan, company, lake, 
Samuel, coat, Annie, desk, weight, grass, mother, smooth- 
ness, Jessie, stool, money, William, strength. 

Write twenty common nouns, ten proper nouns, 
five collective nouns and five abstract nouns not 
found in above exercise. 

5. To Nouns belong Gender, Person, Number 
and Case. 

6. Gender is, in English, a grouping of words 
according to sex. 

(a) Nouns which are the names of males as, 
George, king, gander, are said to be Masculine 
gender. 

(3) Nouns which are the names of females as, 
Lucy, mother, sister, are said to be Feminine 
gender. 



THE NOUN. 



11 



(c) Nouns which are the names of things without 
life as, iron, gate, chair, are said to be Neuter 
gender. 

(d) Nouns which are the names of things which 
may be either male or female as, bird, animal, 
squirrel, are said to be Common gender. 

Note. — The gender of masculine and feminine 
nouns is shown : — 

(1.) By using different words ; as. 



Masculine, 


Fe7ninine. 


Masculine, 


Feminine. 


Father 


Mother 


Wizard 


Witch 


Son 


Daughter 


Drake 


Duck 


Brother 


Sister 


Horse 


Mare 


Uncle 


Aunt 


Bull 


Cow 


Nephew 


Niece 


Ram 


Ewe 


Husband 


Wife 


Stag 


Hind 


King 


Queen 


Buck 


Doe 


Earl 


Countess 


Hart 


Roe 


Lord 


Lady- 


Boar 


Sow 


Bachelor 


Maid 


Gander 


Goose 



(2.) By adding to a noun oi common gender some 
mascuHne or feminine word ; as, 



Masculine, 


Feminine, 


Masculine. 


Feminine 


Merma?z 


'M.er7naid 


He-godX 


Ske-g02it 


G?^^-robin 


Hen-xohm 


Boar- pig 


SoW'pig 



12 



PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



(3.) By adding to the masculine noun the femi- 
nine endings (taken from various languages) -ess, 
-trix, -ine, -a, -ster, -en ; as, 



Masculine, 


Feminine, 


Masculine, 


Feminine, 


Jew 


Jewess 


Hero 


Heroine 


Host 


Hostess 


Joseph 


Josephine 


Count 


Countess 


Sultan 


Sultana 


Actor 


Actress 


Don 


Donna 


Executor 


Executrix 


Spinner 


Spinster 


Director 


Directrix 


Fox 


Vixen 



Note. — The three masculines, Widower, Bridegroom and 
Gander, are formed from the feminines, Widow, Bride and 
Goose. 

Refer to direction 1, exercise 2. 

7. Person is the character which a word has ac- 
cording as it represents the speaker, or the person 
spoken to, or the person spoken of. If John is rep- 
resented as speaking, the noun John is said to be 
First Person. If he is spoken to, John is said to 
be Second Person. If he is spoken of, John is said 
to be Third Person. 

8. Number is a form of a word to show whether 
it means one or more than one. There are, in 
English, two numbers. When a word means but 



THE NOUN. 13 



one ; as boy, apple, house, it is said to be Singular 
number. When it means more than one ; as boys, 
apples, houses, it is said to be Plural number. 

9. The plural in English nouns is commonly 
formed by adding the letter s to the singular ; as, 
Singular — boy. Plural — boys. But there are seve- 
ral other ways of forming the plural. 

Note. — (1.) If the last letter of a singular does 
not unite easily with s the plural is formed by 
adding es ; as, box, boxes ; church, churches. 

(2.) Nouns ending in / or fe commonly change 
those letters into ves; as, thief, thieves; wife, wives. 

(3.) Nouns ending in y with a consonant (any let- 
ter except the vowels a, e, i, o, u) before it, change 
the y into zes; as, lady, ladies; enemy, enemies. 

(4.) Nouns ending in o sometimes add s and some- 
times ^i"; as, canto, cantos; potato, potatoes. 

(5.) Some nouns form their plural, as in Old 
English, by adding e7i ; as, 



Singular. 


Plural. 


Ox 


Oxen 


Cow 


Kine 


Child 


Children 



or by changing the vowel in the singular ; as, 



14 



PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



Singular, 


Plural 


Singular. 


Plural. 


Foot 


Feet 


Goose 


Geese 


Tooth 


Teeth 


Man 


Men 


Mouse 


Mice 


Woman 


Women 



(6.) Many nouns taken from other languages form 
their plurals by the rules of those languages ; as, 



Singular, 
Radius 
Axis 
Medium 
Nebula 

Crisis 

Analysis 

Automaton 

Cherub 
Seraph 

Beau 
Bateau 



Plural, 

Radii 

Axes 

Media 

Nebulae 



> Latin, 



Crises 

Analyses \ Greek, 

Automata J 

Cherubim 
Seraphim 

Beaux 
Bateaux 



Hebrew, 



French, 



(7.) Some nouns are used only as singulars ; as, 
Mathematics, Politics, Optics. 

(8.) Some nouns are used only as plurals ; as. 
Scissors, Breeches, Tongs, Shears, Pincers. 

(9.) Some nouns have the same form for singular 
and plural ; as, Deer, Salmon, Sheep, Trout. 



THE NOUN. 15 



Refer to direction 2, exercise 2. 

10. Case is a form of a word to show its relation 
to other words. There are, in English, three cases; 
Nominative, Possessive and Objective. In 

nouns the Nominative and Objective cases, singular, 
are always alike, but the difference in their use pre- 
vents confusion. The same is true of the plural. 

The Possessive Case, in the singular, is formed 
by adding an apostrophe and the letter s ('s) to the 
nominative : as, John, John's ; boy, boy's. 

In the plural, if the lasl letter is s the possessive 
is formed by placing the apostrophe after the s ; as, 
girls, girls' ; pens, pens'. But if the last letter in 
the nominative plural is not s, as in men, mice, oxen, 
the possessive is formed as in the singular, by adding 
an apostrophe and an s ; as, men's, mice's, oxen's. 

Nouns composed of several words are called 
Compound Nouns; as. Mister Allen, Doctor 
Brown, brother-in-law. 

These nouns form the possessive singular by 
adding the apostrophe and s to the last word ; as. 
Doctor Brown's. They form the plural by adding s 
to the most important word ; as, brothers-in-law. 



16 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

11. The Declension of a word is the arrange- 
ment of its cases and numbers, as below : 

Sing, Plur, Sing, Plur, Sing, Plur. 

Nom, . Boy Boys Lady Ladies Man Men 

Po3 , . Boy's Boys' Lady's Ladies' Man's Men's 

Ob] . . Boy Boys Lady Ladies Man Men 

In the following exercise classify the nouns and tell 
their gender, person, number and case : Example, 
Father s is a common noun, because it is a class 
name ; masculine gender, because it is the name of 
a male, third person, because it is spoken of, singular 
number, because it means but one ; possessive case. 
Also decline the nouns. 

EXERCISE II. 

Charles, father's, man, heroes, hens', health, children's, 
Lucy, men, stove, horses, gladness, Mary's, fear, poles, uncles, 
gun, aunt's, fence, fondness, Susan's, weakness, poet's, James, 
joys, lock, dog's, bush, wounds. Carlo, lion's, spider, rings, 
oxen, bird's, cherubim, Frank, cat, sponges, cap, Alice's, 
babies. New York, carpets, house, wings, claw, Paris, farmers', 
Alfred's, women, flies, Agnes, pony's, actors, countess, 
brothers', duke, king's, she-bear, gentlemen's, man-servant, 
widows, mouse's. Doctor Jones, Catharine Smith's, fathers-in- 
law. 

Direction 1. Go over this exercise and give femi- 



THE NOUN. 17 



nine form of each masculine, and masculine form of 
each feminine. 

Direction 2. Go over this exercise and give plural 
form of each singular, and singular form of each 
plural. 



18 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



THE VERB. 

12. A Sentence is a group of words arranged so 
as to make sense. Every sentence must have a 
Subject and a Predicate. 

The Subject is the word of which something is 
stated. The Predicate is the word which states 
something about the subject. In the sentence, 
Dogs bark, the noun dogs is the subject because 
something is declared about dogs ; the verb bark is 
the predicate because it declares something about 
dogs. 

13. A Verb is a word which declares something. 
Every sentence must contain a verb as its predicate. 

In the following sentences classify the words, and 
name the subjects and predicates and give reason. 

EXERCISE III. 

Worms crawl. Flowers bloom. Lions roar. Wheels turn. 
Dogs bite. Fish swim. John skates. Larks sing. Ice melts. 
Lucy walks. Birds fly. Rivers flow. Rabbits hide. Jane 
reads. Animals die. Girls sew. Wood burns. Snow falls. 
Bears growl. Children cry. Grass grows. Charles runs. 
Sailors climb. Leaves fall. Wolves howl. Soldiers fight. 
Indians dance. Robert writes. Bees sting. Mary sings. 



THE VERB. W 



Write ten sentences Ivdving pro/>e7^ nouns used as 
subject, ten having common nouns used as subject 
and five having collective nouns used as subject. 

14. To Verbs belong Voice, Mood, Tense, 
Number and Person. 

15. Voice is a form of the verb to show whether 
the subject acts or is acted upon. There are, in 
English, two voices — Active and Passive. The 
Active Voice shows that the subject acts. The 
Passive Voice shows that the subject is acted upon. 
In the sentence. Dogs bite boys, dogs is the subject, 
and the verb bite is active voice, because it shows 
that the subject acts. In the sentence, Boys are 
bitten by dogs, boys is the subject and the verb are 
bitte^i is passive voice because it shows that the sub- 
ject is acted upon. 

16. Mood is a form of the verb to show different 
kinds of statement. 

{a) The Indicative Mood states a thing as a 
fact ; as, John runs. Or it asks a question ; as, 
Where is John ? 

{b) The Potential Mood states a thing as possible ; 
as, John can run. 



20 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

(«f) The Subjunctive Mood states a thing as 
doubtful ; as, If John run. 

{d) The Imperative Mood states a thing as a 
command ; as, Run John ! 

These four moods must have a /^r/eV^/^^r subject. 
In the sentences above, yoh7^ is the subject because 
the statements are made about John. These moods 
form, for this reason, the Finite Verb. 

The rest of the verb is called the Infinitive 
because it need not have a particular subject ; as, 
To zvalk is pleasant. Walking is pleasant. 

17. Tense is a form of the verb to show — first, 
the time of the action, and second, whether the 
action is incomplete or complete. 

There are three times — Present, Past and 
Future, and an action may be either incomplete or 
complete in any time. 

The tenses for incomplete action are named for 
the three times — Present Tense, Past Tense and 
Future Tense. These are called the simple tenses. 

The tenses for complete action are named by 
placing the word perfect in each of the former 
names— Present Perfect Tense, Past Perfect 
Tense, Future Perfect Tense. These are called 
the compound tenses. 



THE VERB. 21 



The Present Tense shows incomplete action in present time 



* Present Perfect Tense 
' Past Tense 

' Past Perfect Tense 

^ Future Tense 

* Future Perfect Tense 



complete '' '' '' 

incomplete '^ ** past 

complete '' '' '' 

incomplete ** *' future 

complete '' '' '' 



18. Person and Number in the verb are forms 
by which it is connected with the subject. If the 
subject is first person, the verb must be first 
person, &c. If the subject is singular number, the 
verb must be singular number, &c. 

19. Every verb in English has three parts called 
Principal Parts, on which the verb is formed. 
The Present Tense, Past Tense and Past Participle 
are the principal parts. The words necessary to 
fill the blanks below will always give the principal 
parts of a verb in their order, as — 



Now I 


-; yesterday I ; I have . 


Present. 


Past. Past Participle. 


Now I /earn 


Yesterday I learned I have learned 


Now I £-0 


Yesterday I went I have gone 



If the verb form its Past and Past Participle by 
adding ed to the Present, as learn does, it is a 
Regular Verb. Most verbs are regular. If a 



22 



PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



verb do not form its Past and Past Participle by 
adding ed, as in go, it is an Irregular Verb. A list 
of the most important irregular verbs is given on 
the last pages of the book. 

In Exercise 3, state whether the verbs are regular 
or irregular and give the principal parts. 

20. Conjugation is the arrangement of the prop- 
erties or parts of a verb in order. Below is given 
the Active Voice, Indicative Mood of a regular and 
of an irregular verb. 

Regular Verb. 

TO LOVE. 

Principal Parts : 

Present — Love. Past — Loved. Past Participle — Loved. 

ACTIVE VOICE. 



Indicative Mood. 



Present Tense. 

Sing, 
1st Pers. I love 
M Pers. Thou lovest 
Sd Pers. He loves 
Plural. 
1st Pers. We love 
M Pers. You love 
8d Pers. They love 



Present Perfect Tense. 

Si?tg', 

1st Pers. I have loved 
^d Pers. Thou hast loved 
Sd Pers. He has loved 
Plural. 
1st Pers. We have loved 
M Pers. You have loved 
Sd Pers. They have loved 



THE VERB. 



23 



Past Tense.' 
Sing, 

1st Pers. I loved 

^d Pers. Thou lovedst 

3d Pers. He loved 

Plural. 
1st Pers. We loved 
2d Pers. You loved 
3d Pers, They loved 

Future Tense. 

Sl7lg. 

1st Pers. I shall or will love 
2d Pers. Thou shalt or wilt love 
3d Pers, He shall or will love 

Plural. 
1st Pers. We shall or will love 
Sd Pers. You shall or will love 
8d Pers. They shall or will love 



Past Perfect Tense. 

Sing, 
1st Pers. I had loved 
2d Pers. Thou hadst loved 
Sd Pers. He had loved 

Plural. 
1st Pers. We had loved 
2d Pers. You had loved 
3d Pers. They had loved. 

Future Perfect Tense. 
Si7ig. 

1st Pers. I shall or wall have loved 
2d Pers. Thou shalt or wilt have loved 
3d Pers. He shall or will have loved 

Plural. 
1st Pers. We shall or will have loved 
2d Pers. You shall or will have loved 
3d Pers. They shall or will have loved 



Irregular Verb. 

TO SING. 

Principal Parts : 

Present — Sing. Past — Sang. Past Participle — Sung. 

ACTIVE VOICE. 
Indicative Mood. 



Present Tense. 
Sing, 

1st Pers, I sing 

2d Pers. Thou singest 

3d Pers, He sings 



Present Perfect Tense. 
Sing, 

1st Pers. I have sung 
2d Pers. Thou hast sung 
3d Pers. He has sung 



24 



PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



Plural 
IstPers, We sing 
2d Pers. You sing 
3d Pers. They sing 

Past Tense. 

Sing. 
1st Pers. I sang 
M Pers. Thou sangest 
3d Pers. He sang 

Plural. 

IstPers. We sang 
2d Pers. You sang 
3d Pers. They sang 

Future Tense. 



Plural. 
IstPers. We have sung 
2d Pers. You have sung 
3d Pers. They have sung 

Past Perfect Tense. 

Sing. 

1st Pers. I had sung 

2d Pers. Thou hadst sung 

3d Pers. He had sung 

Plural. 

1st Pers. We had sung 
2d Pers. You had sung 
3d Pers. They had sung 

Future Perfect Tense. 



Sing. Sing. 

1st Pers. I shall or will sing IstPers. I shall or will have sung 

2d Pers. Thou shalt or wilt sing 2d Pers. Thou shalt or wilt have sung 

3d Pers. He shall or will sing 3d Pers. He shall or will have sung 

Plural. Plural. 

IstPers. We shall or will sing IstPers. We shall or will have sung 
2d Pers. You shall or will sing 2d Pers. You shall or will have sung 
3d Pers. They shall or will sing 3d Pers. They shall or will have sung 

Note.— The words I, Thou, He, We, You and They are not part 
of the verb. 



21. Etymology is that part of Grammar which 
treats of words singly. It states the class to which 
a word belongs and tells its properties, or parts. 



THE VERB. 25 



22. Syntax is that part of Grammar which treats 
of words collected into sentences. It states the rules 
by which a word is connected with other words. 

23. To Parse a word is to state its class and 
properties by Etymology and to state the law of its 
use by Syntax. 

Rule of Syntax. — The subject of a finite verb is 
in the Nominative Case. 

Rule of Syntax. — The verb agrees with its sub- 
ject in number and person. 

In Exercise 3 parse each word. Example : Lions 
roar. Lions is a common noun, because it is a 
general name ; common gender, because it may be 
eidier male or female ; third person, because it is 
spoken of; plural number because it means more 
than one ; nominative case, because it is the subject 
of roar. Rule : The subject of a finite verb is in 
the nominative case. Roar is a regular verb from, 
Present — Roar, Past — Roared, Past Participle — 
Roared ; i\ctive Voice, because it shows that the 
subject acts ; Indicative Mood, because it states a 
fact ; Present Tense ; Third Person and Plural 
Number to agree with its subject Lions, Rule : 
The verb agrees with its subject in number and 
person. 



26 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

" Rule of Syntax. — A noun In the possessive case 
limits the meaning of another noun denoting a dif- 
ferent thing. 

In the sentence, Dogs bark, the noun dogs means 
any dogs or all dogs, but if we add to the sentence 
another noun in the possessive case ; as, John's 
dogs bark, the noun dogs is said to be limited by 
the possessive JoJni s, and it now means some par- 
ticular dogs. The noun John's Is parsed as below. 

John's Is a proper noun, because it is a particular 
name ; masculine gender, because It Is the name of a 
male; third person, because It is spoken of ; singular 
number, because it means but one ; possessive case, 
limiting dogs. Rule : A noun in the possessive 
case limits the meanino- of another noun denotino- a 
different thinor. 

In the following sentences parse each word fully. 
Parse subjects and predicates as in first examples in 
this Article and possessives as in example just above. 

EXERCISE IV. 
John's horse runs. Mary's cat died. Wilh'am's kite will 
fly. Men's guns shoot. Farmers' corn grows. Lucy's dresses 
fitted. Jane's books had fallen. Robert's horse will jump. 
Susan' s finger bleeds. Alice' s peaches have ripened. George' s 
father had gone. Joseph's aunt has sung. Annie's cousins 
will come. Albert's picture faded. 



THE VERB. 27 



24. The Direct Object of a verb is the thing on 
which the action of the verb is exerted directly. In 
the sentence, Horses eat corn, the action eat is de- 
clared about horses which is the subject ; but the 
action is exerted on the word corn, and this is called 
the direct object. 

25. Transitive Verbs are those verbs which 
must have a direct object. Intransitive Verbs are 
those verbs which cannot have a direct object. 

26. To Analyze a sentence is to separate it into 
its parts and tell what is the subject, predicate, limit- 
ing possessive, direct object, &c. 

Analyze the following sentences and state whether 
the verbs are regular or irregular, transitive or in- 
transitive. 

EXERCISE V. 

John's dog kills cats. Mary's cat will catch mice. Lucy's 
uncle will fly kites. Robert's father sleeps. George's cousin 
has eaten. Girls love dolls. Boys played marbles. Annie's 
horse had eaten oats. Jenny cried. Dogs gnaw bones. Birds 
have built nests. Farmers' oxen will drink water. Hounds 
chase foxes. Birds eat farmers' cherries. Thieves will steal 
people's money. Nails tear girls' dresses. Farmers' bulls 
chase boys' dogs. Harry's cap fitted John's head. Alice's 
dog will catch Robert's rabbit. Joseph's mother will call 
George's aunt. Jenny's brother has borrowed William's boat. 



28 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

Rule of Syntax. — The direct object of a transi- 
tive verb is in the objective case. 

Parse each word in Exercise 5 in full. Parse 
subject and predicate and limiting possessive as 
before. Parse direct object as in example below 
taken from the first sentence. 

Cats is a common noun, because it is a general 
name ; common gender, because it may be either 
male or female ; third person, because it is spoken 
of; plural number, because it means more than one ; 
objective case, direct object of kills. Rule : The 
direct object of a transitive verb is in the objective 
case. 

27. The Indirect Object of a verb is the thing 
on which the action of the verb is exerted indirectly. 
In the sentence, John gives beggars money, money 
is the direct object, and beggars is the thing to which, 
or with reference to which, the action of giving is 
performed, and so is the indirect object. The indi- 
rect object comes before the direct object in a 
sentence. 

Rule of Syntax. — The indirect object of a verb 
is in the objective case. 

Analyze the following sentences and parse each 
word in full. Note. — the only new form is the indi- 



THE VERB. 29 



rect object, and this is to be parsed as the direct 
object is parsed in Article 26, except that it must be 
called indirect object, and rule for indirect object 
must be given instead of rule for direct object. 

EXERCISE VI. 

George gave people trouble. Books cost boys money. 
William tells Mary stories. John's goats cause servants an- 
noyance. Maggie's father will give Robertas brother money, 
Mary has sent George's mother apples. Fathers buy boys 
skates. Rivers furnish men fish. Harry's colts have given 
Samuel's father trouble. Ben's idleness causes teachers pain. 
Mothers give boys advice. 






lllli 




30 



PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



THE PREPOSITION. 

28. A preposition is a word which shows the 
relation between a noun and some other word. In 
the sentence, men live in houses, the preposition in 
governs the noun houses (causes it to be in the 
objective case) and connects it with the verb live. 

The object of a preposition is the noun which 
follows it, and the noun is said to be governed by 
the preposition. 

29. Below is a list of the most important prepo- 
sitions. 



about 


around 


beyond 


off 


towards 


above 


at 


but 


on 


under 


across 


before 


by 


over 


underneath 


after 


behind 


down 


regarding 


until 


against 


below 


excepting 


respectmg 


unto 


along 


beneath 


for 


round 


up 


amid 


beside 


from 


since 


upon 


amidst 


besides 


in 


through 


with 


among 


between 


into 


to 


within 


amongst 


betwixt 


of 


toward 


without 



Rule of Syntax. — Prepositions govern the ob- 
jective case. 



THE PREPOSITION. 31 

Analyze the following sentences and parse each 
word. Note. — The only new form is the objective 
case used as the object of prepositions, and this is to 
be parsed as the direct object is parsed in Article 
26, except that it must be called object of the prepo- 
sition instead of direct object, and rule for preposition 
must be given. 

The preposition is parsed by naming it and stating 
the noun which it governs. 

EXERCISE VII. 

Farmers plow fields with horses. Eagles fly with wings. Wil- 
liam strikes George. George is struck by William. Dogs bite 
boys. Boys are bitten by dogs. Robert buys books in stores. 
Henry talks about horses. Birds fly above houses. John runs 
after hares. Mary's father stands among flowers. Chickens will 
run about stables. Crowds have stood at the door. Sailors 
go to sea. John got William's knife for Mary. Cora's brother 
stood in Robert's garden. George sent Mary flowers by Ben. 
William finds hares in traps. Mice live in holes. Fruit grows 
on trees. Snakes live under rocks. Charles handed Susan 
John's book. 

Refer to Article 15 and change all the sentences, 
of Exercises 6 and 7, which contain Transitive Verbs 
from active to passive. Example : John's dog kills 
cats, is an active form, because the verb kills repre- 
sents the subject, dog, as acting. The passive form 



32 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



is, Cats are killed by John's dog. Here, Cats is the 
subject, and the verb are killed \^ passive because it 
shows that the subject is acted upon. Note. — The 
direct object in the active form becomes subject in 
the passive (therefore intransitive verbs cannot have 
a passive) ; the subject in the active becomes objec- 
tive case governed by the preposition by in the pas- 
sive and the verb changes from active to passive. 






THE ADJECTIVE. 33 

THE ADJECTIVE. 

30. An Adjective is a word that describes or 
limits a noun. In the sentence, John has pretty 
books, the adjective /r^/^/y really describes the noun 
books and tells what sort of books they are. In the 
sentence, John has some books, the adjective some 
does not describe the noun books but is said to 
limit it. 

31. The limiting adjective 7)^(f is commonly called 
the Definite Article, and the limiting adjective A 
or An is commonly called the Indefinite Article. 

32. The adjective has, commonly, no inflection for 
number, gender or case, in English, but descriptive 
adjectives have an inflection called Comparison. 

There are three Degrees of Comparison. The 
Positive Degree is the adjective itself; as, tall 
men, strong horses. The Comparative Degree 
is the form by which we show that one thing has 
more of a certain quality than another thing ; as. 
Men are taller than boys. Horses are stronger than 
men. The Superlative Degree is the form by 
which we show that one thing has more of ^ certain 
quality than any other thing of the same class ; as, 



34 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

John is the tallest man in town. John's horse is the 
sti^ongest on the farm. 

33. Adjectives of one syllable commonly form 
their Comparative by adding ci^ and their Superla- 
tive by adding est to the Positive ; as, 



Positive, 


Comparative, 


Superlative, 


tall 


taller 


tallest 


strong- 


stronger 


strongest 


sweet 


sweeter 


sweetest 



34. Adjectives of more than one syllable com- 
monly form their Comparative by using more and 
their Superlative by using most before the Positive ; 

as, 

Positive, Comparative, Superlative, 

beautiful more beautiful most beautiful 

generous more generous most generous 

difficult more difficult most diffxcult 

35. Some adjectives are compared Irregularly. 
The following are the most important : 



Positive. 


Comparative, 


Superlative. 


bad 


worse 




w^orst 


good or well 


better 




best 


hind 


hinder 




hindmost 


little 


less 




least 


many or much 


more 




most 


out 


outer or 


utter 


utmost or uttermost 


up 


upper 




upmost 



THE ADJECTIVE. 85 



Rule of Syntax.— An adjective describes or 
limits a noun. 

Analyze the following sentences and parse each 

word. Note. — The only new form is the adjective, 

and this is to be parsed by telling whether it is 

descriptive or limiting, comparing it, stating its 

deofree and naming the noun which it modifies. 

Any number of adjectives may modify the same 

noun. 

EXERCISE VIII. 

Mary wears a new dress. Farmers sell fine horses. Fish 
live in deep streams. William sat on a high fence. Eagles 
build nests in dangerous places. Pretty birds live in the 
green woods. The boy took the best apple. Men haul heavy 
loads on strong wagons. The train ran through a deep cut. 
A boy found a rabbit in a hollow tree. The dogs have run a 
red fox through a large field. Charles ate the worst pear. 
William gave the poor beggar a dollar. The kind nurse will 
tell the children pretty stories. Mary caught the hindmost 
boy. The wild pony has hurt the careless rider. The farmer's 
strongest horse pulled the load. The bravest hunter feared 
the savage lion. The lamb ran into a safer spot. The violent 
wind has broken the large tree. The most beautiful flowers 
grow in the garden. Showmen keep the more dangerous 
animals in cages. Indians kindle great fires in cold weather. 
The best scholars get the highest marks. The most studious 
boys learn the longest lessons. Jane gave Charles the best 
peach. 



36 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

36. Numeral Adjectives are limiting adjectives 
that express number. They are of three kinds. 

(1) Cardinal Numerals answer the question, 
How many ? as, One, Two, Three, &c. 

(2) Ordinal Numerals answer the question. Of 
what rank ? as. First, Second, Third, &c. 

(3) Distributive Numerals answer the question, 
How many apiece ? as. One apiece, Two apiece, 
Three apiece, &c. 

37. Demonstrative Adjectives are used to point 
out things ; as, this ; plural, these, that ; plural, those. 

38. Indefinite Adjectives are those adjectives 
that express number or quantity, but not exactly ; 
as, all, any, few, some, &c. 

39. Interrogative Adjectives are used in asking 
questions ; as, which, what. 

Analyze the following sentences and parse each 
word, noticing the numeral, demonstrative, indefinite 
and interrogative adjectives especially, and the 
nouns that they modify. 



THE ADJECTIVE. 37 

EXERCISE IX. 

Many men ride in cars. Several people were killed. Nine 
soldiers have been arrested. That man will come to a bad 
end. The boy gave the girls two apples apiece. Those men 
will sell twenty horses. The merchant has bought many 
shoes. This horse hurt several good riders. Which boys 
went to school ? Those people called Henry. This lad has 
bought many books. What dog was shot ? Slaves enjoy few 
pleasures. Which boy called Susan? 

40. When the modified noun is left out the adjec- 
tive is ttsed as a no2tn, and is parsed as subject or 
direct object, &c. 

Analyze the following sentences and parse each 
word, noticing the adjectives used as nouns especially. 

EXERCISE X. 

The good help the poor. The careless make mistakes. The 
weak fell by the way. The doctor will give the sick medicine. 
The timid dread danger. The foolish dislike good advice. 
Brave soldiers will spare the helpless. The wise pity the 
fooHsh. The rich have loaned money to the poor. The king 
will give shelter to the weak. The weary will find rest. 



38 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



THE PRONOUN. 

41. In the sentence, John says that he is sick, the 
word lie means John. It Is said to represent the 
noun John, and is called a Pronoun. 

A Pronoun is a word used to represent a noun. 
Pronouns are of several kinds. 

42. The Personal Pronouns are I, Thou, He, 
She, It, and their plurals, We, You (or Ye), They. 
Personal Pronouns are so called because they show 
pcj^son. 

Below is given the declension of the Personal 
Pronouns : 

1st Pers. 2d Pers. 3d Pers., Sing. No, 

Sing, Sing, Sing, Masc. Fern, I^eiit, 

Nom . . I thou you he she it 

Poss . . my thy your his her its 

Obj. . . me thee you him her it 





Flu, 


Flu, 


Flu, 


Flural, alike for all. 


Nom . 


, we 


ye 


you 


they 


Foss . 


. our 


your 


your 


their 


Obj, . 


. us 


you 


you 


them 



The Pronoun has every use that the noun has ex- 
cept two (see page 81) and is parsed by the same 



THE PRONOUN. 39 



rules. In sentences like those below it is often im- 
possible to tell the ge7ider of any pronoun except he, 
she and it. In this case the pronoun is said to be 
doubtficl gender. It is also sometimes impossible to 
tell whether the pronoun you is singular or plural 
number. The pronoun thoti has passed out of com- 
mon use. 

Analyze the following sentences and parse each 
word, noticing the personal pronoun especially. 

EXERCISE XI. 

John will lose his hat. I have been to town. We shall give 
the beggar some money. The bird flew from her nest. You 
have sent him ten dollars. She wrote her mother a long letter. 
William hurt his hand. We have found a hen's nest. The 
soldier handed the general's hat to him.. Robert lives in my 
house. Some trees drop all their leaves in winter. This faith- 
ful dog has looked for his master. Mary goes to her desk. 
The mouse hurt his foot in a trap. You will not see my mother. 
Our horses ran to the stable. Lucy has seen us. Your brother 
sent my aunt a handsome present. Matty's kind sister will 
give her a pretty book. 

43. The Compound Pronouns are formed by 
placing the word self after the possessive sing-nlar ; 
and the word sc/ves after the possessive plural, of the 
first and second person (in the personal pronouns) ; 



40 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

and by placing self 'sS.l^r the objective singular; and 
selves after the objective plural, of the third person ; 
as, 

1st Pers. 2d Pers. 3d Pers. 

Singular . myself yourself or thyself himself, herselfj itself 
Plural . . ourselves yourselves themselves 

44. The Interrogative Pronoun is the pronoun 
used in asking questions. 

They are Who ? Which ? and What ? and are 
declined as below : 

Sirig. and Plu, Sing, and Plu, Si?ig. , rarely Plu. 
Nam .... who which what 

Pass .... whose whose — - 

Obj whom which what 

Who applies to persons ; as, Who called John ? 
Whose is this hat ? To whom did you write ? 

Which applies to persons or things ; as. Which of 
the boys will sing ? Which of the peaches do you 
wish? 

What applies to things ; as, What has happened ? 
What do you want ? 

45. The Possessive Pronoun is formed from the 
possessive case of the Personal Pronouns. Posses- 
sive Pronouns are used only in the nominative and 



THE PRONOUN. 41 



objective cases (which are alike). They make the 
same sense as the possessive case of the personal 
pronoun but have a different use. 

The possessive pronouns are mine — plural ours, 
thine or yours — plural yours ; his, hers, its — plural 
theirs. 

When the possessive case of the personal pronoun 
is used, the limited noun is always used with it ; as, 
This is my hat ; These are our gloves. When the pos- 
sessive pronoun is used the limited noun is always 
left out ; as, This hat is mine ; These gloves are otirs. 

Analyze the following sentences and parse each 
word noticing the compound and interrogative pro- 
nouns especially. 

EXERCISE XII. 

Who came with you? The boy shot himself. Whose horse 
broke the cart ? Whom have you seen ? The wicked do harm 
to themselves. Which of these pens shall we take ? To whom 
will James write ? Which of the girls has come? Whom will 
you send? You will buy some shoes for yourself in town. 
What has John lost? Whose dog has James found? What 
has come in the mail ? Who has written such long letters ? 
William will cut himself in the hand. 

Analyze the following sentences and parse each 
word noticing the possessive pronouns especially. 



42 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

Which horse has James ridden ? He rode ours. Whose 
house will the doctor visit? He will go to hers. You have 
your book, you have not mine. Will Robert take your skates ? 
He will take theirs. I see no difference between yours and ours. 

46. The Relative Pronoun is a pronoun which 
represents some noun or pronoun, and also intro- 
duces a new sentence to describe it. 

They are, who, which, that and what, and are 
declined as below. 

Sing, and Plur. Sing, and Plur. Sing, and Plur. Sing. 

NoTU, . . . who which that what 

Poss, . . . whose whose — — 

Obj, . . . whom which that what 

WJio represents persons ; Which represents ani- 
mals and things ; That represents both persons and 
things ; What is the same as that which. 

In the sentence, John helped the man who fell, 
zuho is a relative pronoun, because it stands for man 
and also introduces a new sentence to tell what man 
it was, that is, the man zuho felL 

47. The noun or pronoun represented by the 
relative is called the Antecedent of the relative. 

48. Whenever a relative pronoun is used there 
must be at least two sentences. The sentence in 



THE PRONOUN. 43 



which the antecedent belongs is called the Principal 
Sentence, because it makes sense standing by 
itself. The sentence in which the relative belongs 
is called the Dependent Sentence, because it 
depends, for its meaning, on some word in the prin- 
cipal sentence. 

49. The case of the antecedent depends on how 
the antecedent is used in the principal sentence. It 
may be the subject or the direct object, &c. The 
case of the relative depends on how the relative is 
used in the dependent sentence. It may be indirect 
object or subject or possessive, &c. 

Rule of Syntax. — The relative agrees with its 
antecedent in gender, person and number, but not 
in case. 

50. All these pronouns except that may have the 
words ever or soever joined to them ; as, whoever, 
whosoever, whichever, whichsoever, whatever, what- 
soever. These are called Compound Relative 
Pronouns, and differ from the relative pronouns 
very little in meaning and not at all in use, except 
that the antecedent is sometimes left out ; as, I will 
give you (the thing) whatever you want. The ante- 



44 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

cedent often comes after these relatives ; as, W/io- 
ever reaches the mark first, he will win the race. 

Analyze the following sentences. In each, state 
which is principal and which is dependent part, or 
clause. Parse each word, noticing the relative and 
antecedent especially : 

EXERCISE XIII. 

The girl whose aunt died went to Boston. We know the 
men who lost their money. John caught the horse which 
broke the buggy. I met the boy to whom you gave those 
fine books. The king rewarded the soldiers who distinguished 
themselves in battle. I bought the horse to which the judges 
gave the premium. The squirrel at which I shot ran into his 
hole. The dog which I saw caught the hare. Workmen will 
paint the house in which we live. The horse ate the corn 
which the farmer gave him. The bird whose wing John broke 
flew into the woods. The queen bought the fish which the 
fisherman brought to the castle. The boy to whom I sold the 
gun shot a bear with it. Snakes live in the holes which you 
see under those rocks. I admire the horse on which William 
rides. We shall give the money to whomsoever we choose. 
These roads, whichever you take, will lead you to the town. 
The boy wants whatever he sees, We will buy you whatever 
you need. I eat whatever I like. 

51. The Adjective Pronoun is a word which is 
used as a limiting adjective when there is a noun in 



THE PRONOUN. 45 



the sentence for it to agree with ; as, Many men 
came to the city ; but it is used as a pi^onoim when 
there is no noun in the sentence for it to agree 
with ; as, Many came to the city. 

Below is a Hst of the most important Adjective 
Pronouns : 



all 


each 


much 


some 


another 


either 


neither 


such 


any 


fev/ 


own 


that 


both 


many 


several 


this 



In the following sentences select the adjective 
pronouns and state whether they are used as adjec- 
tives or pronouns and parse them. 

EXERCISE XIV. 

All men admire bravery. All feared the robbers. The boy 
wants another apple. This suits me. Any book will please 
him. That annoys your father. Both boys studied the lesson. 
Several were hurt. That poem will give us much pleasure. 
Each has his own faults. Both ways lead to London. Each 
man tried the task. Both failed. Some men succeed. Robert 
shot many robins. Charles killed few. 



46 



PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



THE ADVERB. 

52. An Adverb is a word used to modify the 
meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb ; 
as, 

(Verb) The horse walks slowly. John has not 
read. He ca^ne yesterday. 

(Adjective) We saw a very tall tree. 
(Adverb) The man talks very slowly. 

53. Many adverbs can be compared, and these 
form the comparative and superlative, as adjectives 
do, by adding er and est to the positive, or by using 
more and most ; as 



Positive. 


Comparative, 


Superlative. 


fast 


faster 


fastest 


soon 


sooner 


soonest 


carefully 


more carefully 


most carefully 


slowly 


more slowly 


most slowly 


54. The following, and some < 


others, have irregu- 


lar comparison like the adjectives to which they cor- 


respond : 


9 




Positive. 


Comparative. 


Superlative. 


badly or ill 


worse 


worst 


little 


less 


least 


much 


more 


most 


well 


better 


best 



THE ADVERB. 47 



55. Adverbs are divided into several classes 
according to their use in a sentence. 

(1) A Simple Adverb is one which only modifies 
the word with which it is used ; as, The snow falls 

fast. He is quite sick. 

(2) A Conjunctive Adverb is one which modifies 
the word with which it is used and also joins the 
clause in which it stands with the rest of the sen- 
tence ; as, He will not tell whei^e he lives. She 
shows us where the house stood. 

Below is a list of the most important conjunctive 
adverbs. 



as 


when 


whither 


why 


while 


than 


where 


whence 


wherefore 


whenever 



(3) An Interrogative Adverb is one used in 
asking a question ; as, Wliy have you done this ? 
When will he come ? 

56. Adverbs are also divided into several classes 
accordinor to their ineanino\ 

(1) Adverbs of place ; as, here, there, yonder. 

(2) Adverbs of time ; as, now, then, to-day. 

(3) Adverbs of manner; as, badly, well, quickly. 

(4) Adverbs of degree; as, little, much, greatly. 



48 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

57. The important words yes and no are some- 
times called adverbs. These words are, however, 
entire sentences in themselves ; as. Will he see 
Henry? Yes — that is — He will see Henry. Has 
John been here ? No — that is — John has not been 
here. 

Yes and No cannot be parsed, and are called the 
Responsives. 

In the following sentences select the adverbs and 
parse them, noticing whether they modify verbs or 
adjectives or other adverbs. Classify the adverbs 
according to their use and to their meaning, 

EXERCISE XV. 
The rider suddenly fell from his horse. The boys saw a 
very fierce lion in the show. She has learned her lesson un- 
commonly well. The scholars have not come to-day. These 
officers will hardly catch the thief now. We shot three very 
fat birds. This girl speaks too low. We have found where 
the flowers bloom. A mocking bird sang very loudly in the 
bush. I have not learned when Susan will come back. You 
will never discover why the servant ran away. When have 
you seen him ? The kite sank slowly to the ground. Why 
have they done this ? Which of the girls learned her lesson 
best? They have not stayed long enough. Lucy plays more 
correctly than Jane. William will recite his lesson better to- 
morrow. A horse runs more quickly than a man. He will 
not come here willingly. You read faster than we. 



THE EXCLAMATION. 49 



THE EXCLAMATION. 

58. An Exclamation, or interjection, is a word 
which has no relation to the other words in a sen- 
tence, but is used to express some feeling or emo- 
tion ; as, Alas ; The poor child will die. Hurrah ! 
we have won the game. Any part of speech may 
be used as an exclamation. 

In the following sentences select the exclamations. 

EXERCISE XVI. 

Oh ! I wish he had come. Help ! The horse will throw 
me. Look ! The tree has fallen. Hush ! You will wake the 
baby. Shame! He has hurt his brother. Oh dear! It scared 
me so. Oh ! He nearly fell. Good ! They have saved the 
man. 



50 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

THE CONJUNCTION. 

59. A Conjunction is a word used to join 
other words or to join two sentences. If the two 
things joined by the conjunction are of the same 
rank ; that is, if they are two words or two principal 
sentences or two dependent sentences, the conjunction 
is said to be co-ordinating; as, John and Charles. 
He missed the hare but I killed it. Henry took a 
cold when he went out and got wet. When a con- 
junction joins a dependent sentence to a principal 
sentence it is said to be subordinating ; as, He fell 
because the ladder broke. The lion ran when the 
hunter shot. 

60. Below is a list of the most important con- 
junctions. 

Co-ordinating, 
and but neither or 

both either nor whether 





Subordinating, 




after 


for 


till 


although 


if 


that 


because 


lest 


though 


before 


notwithstanding 


unless 


except 


since 


until 



THE CONJUNCTION. 51 

In the following sentences select and classify the 
conjunctions ; also state which sentences are prin- 
cipal and which dependent. 

EXERCISE XVII. 

John and James have caught a fox. The boys saddled their 
horses and went for a ride. The tramp denied that he had 
stolen the watch. They will not wait till we come. Charles has 
not missed the question, but James has. It matters very little if 
he goes away. Lucy will write to you when she comes back. 
If you take care you will not fall. When he saw the flowers he 
ran and got them. After I get my money I will give you 
some. Henry will not come to the picnic because he has 
sprained his wrist. We tried the plank but found that it 
broke. The robbers supposed that the traveler had money. 
We will go before that rain comes and wets us. Unless Mary 
holds her hat it will blow away. 

61. When conjunctions are used m pairs they are 
called Correlative Conjunctions. 

The principal Correlative Conjunctions are 

Both — and. Either — or. Neither — nor. Whether — or. 
Not only — but also. 

In the following sentences select the correlative 
conjunctions and state what they join. 



52 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

EXERCISE XVIII. 

I saw neither Ch-arles nor James. Both Mary and her father 
have come. You will soon see whether he pays you or not. 
Robert neither studies his lessons nor enjoys his play. He 
both saw the game and liked it. Not only you but we also 
have heard the news. Neither the general nor the soldiers 
feared the enemy. Though Henry was sick yet he finished 
his work. 

62. In the following exercise will be found all the 
parts of speech and illustrations of the rules so far 
given. Analyze the sentences and parse each word. 

EXERCISE XIX. 

The king will send an army against his enemies. Oh! How 
it rains. These men have worked hard and they deserve their 
pay. Why will Henry not give me my book ? The horse 
which we caught had thrown his master and hurt him severely. 
I have not said that William took the cane. Which of you 
will come into my new boat? Robertas kite soon broke the 
cord because it pulled too hard. Charles gave the poor 
beggar some money yesterday. You will not need my 
umbrella because it will not rain again. Whose gloves have 
you there? My watch had stopped and I missed the train 
because I started too late. Whom have you seen ? Neither 
Henry nor Lucy has come to church to day. Those who 
feared the storm went into a safe place. Hark! I hear a 
strange noise. The person whom I met ran by me so fast that 
I saw him indistinctly. A wise man values his health higher 



THE CONJUNCTION. 53 

than gold. Thomas bought the two finest guns that he saw 
in the store. Six tramps went up the road lately. The hunter 
killed the first deer that he found in the forest. All writers 
have agreed to this. Which scholar won the prize? The 
gentleman, when he hurt himself, sent for the physician. Both 
Annie and her sister have gone to the theatre. Will you show 
me where the rabbit hid? Samuel has not worked much 
to-day. The boys earned one dollar apiece. 




54 



PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



THE AUXILIARY VERB, 

63. An Auxiliary Verb is one which is used to 
form the conjugation of another — called the prin- 
cipal — verb. Almost all tenses of the English verb 
require an auxiliary. The auxiliaries are be, do, have, 
shall, will, may, can, must. Of these be, do, have and 
will are also principal verbs and have a full conju- 
gation. 

The verb to be is used as an auxiliary to form the 
passive of all verbs. It is conjugated in full 
below. 

TO BE. 

Principal Parts : 

Present— hm. Past — Was. Past Participle — Been. 

Indicative Mood. 



^resent Tense, 


Past Tense. 


Future Tense, 


I am 


I was 


I shall or will be 


Thou art 


Thou wast 


Thou shalt or will be 


He is 


He was 


He shall or will be 


We are 


We were 


We shall or will be 


You are 


You were 


You shall or will be 


They are 


They were 


They shall or will be 



THE AUXILIARY VERB. 



65 



Pres, Per. Taise. Past Per, Te7tse. Future Perfect Tense. 
I have been I had been I shall or will have been 

Thou hadst been Thou shalt or wilt have been 

He had been He shall or will have been 

We had been 

You had been 



Thou hast been 
He has been 
We have been 
You have been 



They have been They had been 

Potential Mood. 



We shall or will have been 
You shall or will have been 
They shall or will have been 



I 



Present Tense. 
, can or must 



can or must 



can or must 



may 

be 
Thou mayst, canst or must 

be 
He may, can or must 

be 
We may, 

be 
You may, 

be 
They may, can or must 

be 

Present Perfect Tense, 

I may, can or must have 

been 
Thou mayst, canst or must 

have been 
He may, can or must have 

been 



Past Tense. 

I might, could, would or 

should be 
Thou mightst, couldst,wouldst 

or shouldst be 
He might, could, would or 

should be 
We might, could, would or 

should be 
You might, could, would or 

should be 
They might, could, would or 

should be 



I 



Past Perfect Tense. 
might, could, would 



or 



should have been 
Thou mightst, couldst,wouldst 

or shouldst have been 
He might, could, would or 

should have been 



56 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

Present Perfect Tense — Con. Past Perfect Tense — Con. 

We may, can or must have We might, could, would or 

been should have been 

You may, can or must have You might, could, would or 

been should have been 

They may, can or must They might, could, would or 

have been should have been 

Subjunctive Mood. 

Present Tense, Past Tense, 

If I be If I were 

If thou be If thou were 

If he be If he were 

If we be If we were 

If you be If you were 

If they be If they were 

Imperative Mood. Infinitive Mood. 

Prese7it Tense. Present Tense, Perfect Teyise. 

Be (you or thou or ye) To be To have been 

Participles. 
Present — being Past — been Perfect — having been 

Other Uses of the Noun. 

64. The verb to be is called the neuter verb because 
it is neither transitive nor intransitive. It must have 



THE AUXILIARY VERB. 57 

a word used with it to complete its sense, and this 
word is called a complement. In the sentence, 
Horses are animals, horses is the subject and are is 
the predicate ; but the sentence does not make the 
proper sense until the noun animals is added to 
complete the meaning of are. In the sentence, 
Snow is white, snow is the subject and is is the 
predicate, but the sentence is not complete without 
the adjective white to fill up the meaning of the 
verb. 

Rule of Syntax. — A noun in the predicate, 
meaning the same thing as the subject, is in the 
nominative case — Predicate Nominative. 

Rule of Syntax. — An adjective in the predicate 
modifies the subject — Predicate Adjective. 

Note. — The Predicate Nominative and Predicate 
Adjective are used with such verbs as be, become, 
appear, feel, look, see^n ; as, John is a sailor. The 
boy looked sick. 

Analyze the following sentences and parse each 
word, noticing the verbs and the predicate nouns 
and predicate adjectives especially. 

5 



58 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

EXERCISE XX. 

Mary will be a teacher. He may be a lawyer. Charles is 
sick. The soldiers became tired. My mother seems well. 
That poor man looks ill. A careful student will become a 
good scholar. The weather has grown colder. William is an 
excellent doctor. Those apples will get ripe in a week. 
When shall we be strong again ? Who is he ? What is the 
matter? The trees will become green again in summer. 
Good boys commonly make good men. Those peaches are 
quite green. The garden is not very rich. The merchant 
was poor. That horse is a fine animal. Your nucleus farm 
will be more valuable in a few years. This bridge is a most 
dangerous place. William's brother's boat is the fastest on 
the lake. The lady's cloak is not becoming. The farmer* s 
corn grew very tall. Charles might be a great writer. You 
should be careful. It is Lucy who is at the door. The child 
who was sick has gotten well again. That tree which seems 
dead now will become green in a few months. 

Rule of Syntax. — The objective case of a noun 
is used as an adverb to modify a verb or an adjec- 
tive; as, We v^alked a mile. Henry is mi inch taller 
than I. When so used the noun is called Objective 
Adverbial, and is parsed as any other objective case, 
except that it must be explained as an Objective 
Adverbial modifying some verb or adjective. 

Analyze the follov^ing sentences and parse each 
word, noticing the objective adverbial especially. 



THE AUXILIARY VERB. 59 

EXERCISE XXI. 

The king's army fought five hours. The river is a mile 
wide at the bridge. The hunter crossed a ditch ten feet wide. 
A Hon pursued us two hours. Our house is three stories high. 
He was sick a week. A church stands fifty yards from the 
road. We sailed down the stream six days. The camp was 
quiet all day. Mary must go home. I saw you last night. 
Robert lived with his uncle ten years. The guide was three 
hours in the cave. Annie has practised her music an hour. 
The farmer worked two days in the field which he had plowed. 
The hounds chased the old fox all day before they caught him. 
Those hunters stayed in the woods two weeks. This horse 
can run five miles before he gets tired. The house which I 
sold to-day was built last year. The stag swam over a river 
which was seventy yards wide. The pole that I found was six 
feet long. 

65. When two nouns in a sentence mean the 
same thing- and there is no verb bch^^ccn them, the 
second noun is said to be in apposition with the 
first ; as, John, tlic laz.^yei\ is sick. He found his 
dog, Ponto, in the stable. 

Rui.p: of Syntax. — Nouns in apposition agree in 
case. 

A noun in apposition with two or more nouns is 
put in the plural ; as, Charles and James, viy brothers, 
are here. 



60 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

Analyze the following sentences and parse each 
word, noticing the nouns in apposition especially. 

EXERCISE XXII. 

Mary, the milk maid, has finished her work. William and 
Robert, the carpenters, built those fine houses. The poor 
fisherman, Jones, worked three hours on his nets. That care- 
ful lawyer, James, will certainly win his case. Thomas, the 
rich merchant, has gone to Paris. The good scholars, Lucy 
and Susan, will win all the prizes. We gave some dinner to 
the poor beggar, Jim. Have you seen William, the actor? 
No one likes that impolite fellow, John. You must go with 
your sister, Mary. 

66. In the sentence, Mary, you will make yourself 
sick, the vv^ord Mary has no grammatical relation to 
any other v^ord in the sentence. It is the name of 
the person addressed and is considered to be in the 
nominative case. This nominative is called Nomi- 
native Independent. 

The Nominative Independent is parsed as any 
other nominative except that it must be explained 
as above. 

Analyze the following sentences and parse each 
word, noticing the nominative independent especially. 



THE AUXILIARY VERB. 61 

EXERCISE XXIII. 
Boy, come here. Child, hand me that book. Robert, you 
may go home. Soldiers, you have fought bravely. You 
should not be so noisy, children. Run away, Charles, we are 
busy. Go down the street, William, and buy me some paper. 
James, you must leave that letter here. I cannot spare you 
any more money, Mary. George, you have not brought my 
coat. When shall I see you again, doctor? You must bring 
back those books that you borrowed, Lucy. Henry, I never 
saw such a boy. You, Robert and James, must learn your 
lessons. Come to the house, girls. Take up your books, Annie. 

The Complete Conjugation. 
67. The Indicative Active of a regular verb is 
given in Article 20. Below is the complete conju- 
gation, active and passive, of a regular verb. 

Regular Verb. 

TO LOVE. 

Principal Parts : 

Present— love Past — loved Past Participle — loved 

ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. 

Indicative Mood. Indicative Mood. 

Present Tense, Present Tense. 

I love I am loved 

Thou lovest Thou art loved 

He loves He is loved 

We love We are loved 

You love You are loved 

They love They are loved 



62 



PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



Past Tense, 

I loved 
Thou lovedst 
He loved 
We loved 
You loved 
They loved 

Future Tense, 
I shall or will love 
Thou shalt or wilt love 
He shall or will love 
We shall or will love 
You shall or will love 
They shall or will love 

Present Perfect Tense. 
I have loved 
Thou hast loved 
He has loved 
We have loved 
You have loved 
They have loved 

Past Perfect Tense, 
I had loved 
Thou hadst loved 
He had loved 
We had loved 
You had loved 
They had loved 



Past Tense. 
I was loved 
Thou wast loved 
He was loved 
We were loved 
You were loved 
They were loved 

Future Terise, 
I shall or will be loved 
Thou shalt or wilt be loved 
He shall or will be loved 
We shall or will be loved 
You shall or will b^ loved 
They shall or will be loved 

Present Perfect Tense, 
I have been loved 
Thou hast been loved 
He has been loved 
We have been loved 
You have been loved 
They have been loved 

Past Perfect Tense, 
I had been loved 
Thou hadst been loved 
He had been loved 
We had been loved 
You had been loved 
They had been loved 



THE AUXILIARY VERB. 



63 



Future Perfect Tense, 
I shall or will have loved 
Thou shalt or wilt have 

loved 
He shall or will have loved 
We shall or will have loved 
You shall or will have loved 
They shall or will have 

loved 

Potential Mood. 
Present Tense, 
I may, can or must love 
Thou mayst, canst or must 

love 
He may, can or must love 
We may, can or must love 
You may, can or must love 
They may, can or must love 

Past Tense, 
I might, could, would or 

should love 
Thou mightst, couldst, wouldst 

or shouldst love 
He might, could, would or 

should love 
We might, could, would or 

should love 
You might, could, would or 

should love 
They might, could, would or 

should love 



Future Perfect Te7ise, 
I shall or will have been loved 
Thou shalt or wilt have been 

loved 
He shall or will have been loved 
We shall or will have been loved 
You shall or will have been loved 
They shall or will have been 

loved 

Potential Mood. 
Present Tense, 
I may, can or must be loved 
Thou mayst, canst or must be 

loved 
He may, can or must be loved 
We may, can or must be loved 
You may, can or must be loved 
They may, can or must be loved 

Past Tense. 
I might, could, would or should 

be loved 
Thou mightst, couldst, wouldst 

or shouldst be loved 
He might, could, would or 

should be loved 
We might, could, would or 

should be loved 
You might, could, would or 

should be loved 
They might, could, would or 

should be loved 



64 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

Present Perfect Tense, Present Perfect Tense, 

I may, can or must have I may, can or must have been 

- loved loved 

Thou mayst, canst or must Thou mayst, canst or must 

have loved have been loved 

He may, can or must have He may, can or must have been 

loved loved 

We may, can or must have We may, can or must have been 

loved loved 

You may, can or must have You may, can or must have 

loved been loved 

They may, can or must have They may, can or must have 

loved been loved 

Past Perfect Tense, Past Perfect Tense, 

I might, could, would or I might, could, would or should 

should have loved have been loved 

Thoumightst,couldst,wouldst Thou mightst, couldst, wouldst 

or shouldst have loved or shouldst have been loved 

He might, could, would or He might, could, would or 

should have loved should have been loved 

We might, could, would or We might, could, would or 

should have loved should have been loved 

You might, could, would or You might, could, would or 

should have loved should have been loved 

They might, could, would or They might, could, would or 

should have loved should have been loved 



THE AUXILIARY VERB. 



65 



Subjunctive Mood. 
Present Tense. 

If I love 
If thou love 
If he love 
If we love 
If you love 
If they love 

Past Tense. 

If I loved 
If thou loved 
If he loved 
If we loved 
If you loved 
If they loved 

Imperative Mood. 
Present Tense, 
Love (you or thou or ye) 

Infinitive Mood. 

Present — to love 
Past — to have loved 

Participles. 

Present — loving 

Past — loved 

Perfect — having loved 



Subjunctive Mood. 
Present Tense, 

If I be loved 
If thou be loved 
If he be loved 
If we be loved 
If you be loved 
If they be loved 

Past Tense. 

If I were loved 
If thou were loved 
If he were loved 
If we were loved 
If you were loved 
If they were loved 

Imperative Mood. 
Present Tense. 
Be (you or thou or ye) loved 

Infinitive Mood. 

Present — to be loved 
Past — to have been loved 

Participles. 

Present — being loved 

Past — loved 

Perfect — having been loved 



66 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

68. The form of the verb just given is called the 
Common form of conjugation. Besides this, there 
are several other y^r;;^^ in which a verb may appear. 

69. The Progressive form of conjugation repre- 
sents an action as going on continuously. It is 
formed by using the verb to be and the present par- 
ticiple of any principal verb ; as, Present — I am 
loving, etc. ; Past — I was loving, etc. ; Future — I 
shall be loving, etc. 

70. The Emphatic form of conjugation states an 
action more strongly than the common form. It is 
formed by using the verb to do and the present injiiii- 
tive of any principal verb ; as. Present — I do love, 
etc.; Past — I did love, etc. 

71. The Interrogative form of conjugation is 
used in asking questions. It is made from the 
other forms by placing the verb before the subject ; 
as, Lovest thou ? Do I love ? Are you going ? 
Was he reading ? When the verb contains more 
than one word, as in most of the above examples, 
only \ki^ first word comes before the subject. 

Analyze the following sentences and parse each 
predicate, stating whaty^r;;^ of conjugation it is : 



THE AUXILIARY VERB. 67 

EXERCISE XXIII. 
Do you know the governor ? Has Charles been going to 
school lately ? The horse did not like the corn. Why can 
you not come with me? I was going to church when I met 
you. Henry might be earning money now if he wished. The 
boys were chasing a hare. John has been riding with his 
father. The lessons are getting very hard. You will be doing 
us a great favor. Lucy has been giving her sister good ad- 
vice. The water had been freezing before the sun came out. 
Did you not know this ? Might not the boys be getting their 
lessons now? A gentleman stopped the team which was run- 
ning away. He did not tell his mother what he was doing. 
Can you not see that the tree is falling? 

When the verb is in the Imperative Mood the 
subject is omitted, and the verb must be parsed as 
second perso7i to agree w^ith you or thou understood. 

Parse the verbs in the follow^ingf sentences : 

Come here. Catch me if you can. Do not hurt him so. 
Load the gun quickly. Run for the doctor. Knock at the 
door when you wish to come in. Children, come home. 
Mary, hand me that book. Run, boys, run. 

The Infinitive. 

72. The examples given in the former exercises 
are sufficient to show the use of the finite verb. 
But there are some facts about the infinitive and 
participle which must be noticed separately. 



68 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

73. The infinite is a verbal noun in the nominative 
and objective cases, and may be the subject of a verb 
or may be used (like the direct object) as a comple- 
ment ; as, To walk is pleasant. Here the infinitive 
to walk is the subject {Nominative^ John wishes to 
go. Here the infinitive to go is the complement 
[Objective), 

74. The infinitive is used as an adjective limiting 
a noun ; as, He bought a horse to ride. Here the 
infinitive to ride is an adjective limiting horse. 

Your father is to be pitied. Here to be pitied is a 
predicate adjective limiting the subject, y^^/^^r. 

75. The infinitive is used as an adverb to limit a 
verb or an adjective; as, John ran to 7neet me. 
Here to meet is an adverb limiting, the verb, ran. 
We are anxious to help you. Here to help is an 
adverb limiting the adjective anxious. 

Note. — Whatever is the use of an infinitive it may be Hm- 
ited by adverbs and may, generally, have direct and indirect 
object, like the finite verb. 

Analyze the follov^ing sentences, select the infini- 
tives and state all the facts about them. 



THE AUXILIARY VERB. 



69 



EXERCISE XXIV. 
To run fast is very tiresome. I gave the servant a dollar to 
spend. John failed to win the prize. We are much pleased 
to see you. To be scolded is unpleasant. We like to hear 
good music. I shall come to see you. George is wilhng to 
do this. We cannot decide whether to go or not. This poem 
is one to be admired. The king was sorry to hear of the 
defeat That seems to be a good coat. The eagle tried to 
carry off the kid. The sick soldier wished to go home. To 
be liked is more pleasant than to be disliked. It is very easy 
to fail. Those apples are not fit to eat. This debt is to be 
paid We walked over to see you. Harry is a boy to be 
thoroughly trusted. The hunter caught the deer to tame it 
We should like to see the doctor now. The boy borrowed 
the book to read it. Robert asked for money to give the 
beggar. 



70 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

THE PARTICIPLE. 

76. The participle is a verbal noun (called the 
Gerund) in the nominative and objective cases, and 
may be the subject of a verb or the direct object, or 
the object of a preposition ; as, Ricnning is tire- 
some. The participle rimimig is subject. 

He tried reading aloud. The participle reading 
is direct object. 

John succeeded in finding his watch. The parti- 
ciple yf;^^m^ is object of the preposition /;/. 

77. The participle may be used as an adjective to 
modify a noun or a pronoun ; as. Dying men covered 
the ground. Singing \y\xA'^ are valuable. He being 
wounded could not walk. 

78. The participle may be used to agree with a 
noun which has no grammatical connection with the 
rest of the sentence ; as, Winter having come, we 
need fires. He being hurt, they brought a doctor. 
The noun, winter, in the first sentence is considered 
to be in the nominative case, and it is called Nomi- 
native Absolute because there is no rule to con- 
nect it with the rest of the sentence. The same is 
true of the pronoun He in the other sentence. 



THE PARTICIPLE. 71 

Rule of Syntax. — A noun or pronoun joined to 
a participle, and having no relation to the rest of the 
sentence, is in the nominative — called Nominative 
Absolute. 

Note. — Whatever is the use of a participle it may be limited 
by adverbs, and may, generally, have direct and indirect ob- 
ject, like the finite verbs. 

Analyze the following- sentences, select the parti- 
ciples, and state all the facts about them : 

EXERCISE XXV. 

Cutting wood is hard work. The boy hurt himself by fall- 
ing. William stopped playing ball. Falling trees are danger- 
ous. John having come home went to sleep. The bird being 
wounded, we soon caught it. The howling wolves pursued 
the flying deer. The soldier succeeded in getting his medal. 
William began farming. He is in danger of falling. He has 
gone without saying good-bye. We having found the child 
went back to town. A cloud coming up, the workmen went 
home. The Indian became rich by trapping. The swinging 
gate scared my horse. Travelling in winter is unpleasant. 
Being tired we went to sleep. The speaker having finished, 
the people went out. Ending his task the boy began to play. 
Working too hard made the student sick. Charles began 
singing loudly. Mary tired herself by skating too rapidly. 
Slowly falling rain came down all day. Charles having acted 
badly, his father will punish him. 



72 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



PART SECOND. 



79. A sentence is a collection of words having a 
subject and a predicate. 

A principal sentence is a sentence which rnakes 
complete sense by itself. 

A dependent sentence is a sentence which depends 
for its meaning on some word in the principal 
sentence. 

Principal sentences and dependent sentences are 
often called clatises. 

A phrase is a collection of words, without subject 
and predicate, used altogether as a noun or an 
adjective or an adverb. 

THE NOUN. 

80. There are ten uses of the noun in a sentence. 

(1) Subject. 

Rule of Syntax. — The subject of a finite verb is 
in the Nominative Case. 

(2) Predicate Nominative. 

Rule of Syntax. — A noun in the predicate, 
meaning the same thing as the subject, is in the 
Nominative Case. 

(3) Nominative Independent 



THE NOUN. 73 



Rule of Syntax. — The name of the person ad- 
dressed is in the Nominative Case. 

(4) Nominative Absolute. 

Rule of Syntax. — A noun joined with a participle 
and having no grammatical connection with the rest 
of the sentence is in the Nominative Case. 

(5) Limiting Possessive. 

Rule of Syntax. — A noun limiting the meaning 
of another noun denoting a different thing is in the 
Possessive Case. 

(6) Direct Object. 

Rule of Syntax. — The Direct Object of a tran- 
sitive verb is in the Objective Case. 

(7) Indirect Object. 

Rule of Syntax. — The Indirect Object of a verb 
is in the Objective Case. 

(8) Object of Prepositions. 

Rule of Syntax. — Prepositions govern the Ob- 
jective Case. 

(9) Objective Adverbial. 

Rule of Syntax. — The objective case of a noun 
is used as an adverb to modify a verb or an 
adjective. 

(10) Apposition. 

Rule of Syntax. — Nouns in Apposition agree in 
case. 

6 



74 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

In the following sentences parse the nouns : 

EXERCISE XXVI. 

The sheep graze in the fields. I lost the knife which I found 
yesterday. You having helped him, he should help you. 
The brave engineer saved his train. Did you catch him ? 
Those gloves are mine. Carry your mother this fruit, Mary. 
James, the doctor's son, is a good reader. They ran two 
miles. The boy whose gun we borrowed will lend it to us 
again. Did they see us with you? These are his. That 
robin has her nest near our window. The king's son will be 
king. Give the postman my letters. Who is he ? The boys 
who study will learn. John's brother, Charles, is a good 
scholar. He being hurt, we went for help. Did you send 
him my message ? This is it. He slept all night. Have they 
paid you the money? The house having been finished the 
tenants moved into it. You are two years older than he. 
Spring is a pleasant season. Is this handkerchief hers or 
his? It is ours. I cannot tell your overcoat from mine. 
We cannot give you this, George. They hurt themselves 
badly. It was she. Lend her your book. The train being 
late we could not meet you. Those children whom we saw 
have gone. Here is our uncle James. Send your cousin the 
invitation in your letter. The horse being lame we did not 
buy him. Where is your sister, Robert? He is an inch taller 
than she. Thomas, lend your cousin George your skates. I 
bought this book for myself. Witnesses staid in the court- 
house all day. The hare having stopped we shot it. They 
rode in the cart which you lent them. Can you go with us? 
There are the men whom you met. This book is mine, and 
it never was hers. 



THE PRONOUN. 75 



THE PRONOUN. 

81. The pronoun has the same uses in a sentence 
as the noun except that the pronoun cannot be used 
as nominative independent nor as objective adver- 
bial. The pronoun has one use which the noun does 
not have — that is, relative pronouns are used to con- 
nect a dependent sentence with a principal sentence. 

Refer to Exercise 26 and parse the pronouns. 

THE VERB. 

82. Rule of Syntax. — A verb agrees with its 
subject in number and person. 

Special Rule (1). If the subject consists of more 
than one the verb is plural ; as, John and Mary have 
books. 

Special Rule (2). If the subject contains nouns or 
pronouns of different persons the verb is first per- 
son rather than second, and second rather than 
third ; as, John and you and I we7tt away. You and 
James went away. In the first sentence went is first 
person ; in the second, went is second person. 

Special Rule (3). If one subject is affirmative and 
the other negative, the verb agrees with the affirma- 
tive word ; as. Not John but I am sick. Not I but 
James is sick. 



76 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



Special Rule (4). If the subject contains two 
words separated by or or nor the verb is in the 
singular and agrees with the nearest subject ; as, 
Neither James nor I am sick. Either I or John is 
willing to go. 

For the use of participles and infinitives refer to 
Articles 72 to 78. 

In the following sentences parse the verbs, 

EXERCISE XXVII. 
You are our friend. He is going home. They have been 
to Paris. He and I went fishing. James and his cousins are 
here. Not this boy but William did the mischief. He is in 
danger of falling. I persuaded them to work. By saving his 
money he became rich. Both Lucy and Charles came to-day. 
Either Robert or I am mistaken. You and Charles have 
studied well. Running rapidly is tiresome. I bought a paper 
to read. He and I shot at a mark. Flying leaves filled the 
air. Neither John nor I am strong. Both he and you are 
right. Either you or we can do this. The man found a cry- 
ing child. By hard climbing he reached the top. You and 
your father were unwise to do that. The girl caught cold by 
taking her cloak off. Either James or John is taller than I. 
To have many friends is a good thing. Having friends is 
pleasant. The time having come we must go. Give the book 
to Doctor Brown. Call your brother-in-law. Come to us to- 
morrow. 



THE ADJECTIVE. 77 



THE ADJECTIVE. 

83. The adjective is said to be used in the Attrib- 
utive relation when it is closely joined to its noun 
without a verb between them. It is said to be used 
in the Predicative relation when it completes the 
sense of a verb ; as, Attributive, Tall trees lined 
the road. Predicative, The trees are talL 

Rule of Syntax. — An adjective describes or 
limits a noun. 

84. The adjective (indefinite article) an is used 
before nouns which begin with a vowel ; as, an apple, 
an engine, an Indian, &c. 

It drops the n and becomes a before nouns begin- 
ning with a consonant : as, a boy, a cow, a dog, &c. 

The indefinite article an or a is used with nouns 
of the singular number onlv. 



c:? 



Note. — When several nouns are joined by conjunctions they 
may have the indefinite article repeated before each ; as, A 
boy, a girl and a man went by; or the article may be used 
before the first word and understood with the rest ; as, A boy, 
girl and man went by. In the latter case all the nouns must 
be such that a can stand before them or all must be such that 
a7i can stand before them. 



78 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

85. The adjective (definite article) the is used 
before nouns beginning with any letter, and it is 
used to modify nouns both of the singular and of 
the plural number. 

Note. — When several nouns are joined by conjunctions and 
have the definite article the before each one the nouns mean 
different things. In the sentence, The farmer and the doctor 
called, farmer and doctor mean different persons. When sev- 
eral nouns are joined by conjunctions and have the definite 
article before the first one only, the nouns mean the same 
thing. In the sentence, The farmer and doctor called, farmer 
and doctor refer to the same person. 

86. When a sentence contains an adjective in the 
Comparative Degree the conjunction than is always 
expressed or understood after the Comparative. 
This conjunction introduces a new sentence ; as, 
Mountains are higher than hills. The full sentence 
would be, Mountains are higher than hills are. 

When a sentence contains an adjective in the 
Superlative Degree, the preposition ^is commonly 
expressed or understood after the superlative. This 
preposition governs a following noun in the objec- 
tive case ; as, Robert is the tallest of the boys. 

Note. — In case of the use of either the Comparative or the 
Superlative Degree, there is the statement of a comparison 
between two things. The latter of these two things is called 
the Complement of the comparison. In the sentences given 
just above, hills and boys are the Complements. 



THE ADJECTIVE. 79 

When the Comparative Degree is used, the Com- 
plement must not include that which is compared 
with it. The sentence, The lion is braver than any 
animal, is incorrect because it is the same as saying 
that the lion is braver than himself. With the Com- 
parative Degree the adjective other must be used 
before the Complement ; as, The lion is braver than 
any other animal. 

When the Superlative Degree is used, the Com- 
plement must include that which is compared with 
it. The sentence, The lion is the bravest of other 
animals, is incorrect because it is the same as saying 
that the lion is another animal. 

In the following sentences parse the adjectives, 
note which are attributive and which are predicative, 
and examine comparatives and superlatives espe- 
cially : 

EXERCISE XXVIIL 

Good children obey their parents. Our own horses are 
white. The tall old painted post fell down. An apple and a 
peach were on the same table. John, the farmer and lawyer, 
is here. Charles is stronger than James. Robert has a house 
which is finer than mine. The farmer and the lawyer went 
home. The elephant is stronger than any other animal. 
Thomas is the most studious of the boys. 



80 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



THE ADVERB. 

87. The adverb has two uses in a sentence. The 
simple adverb modifies a verb or an adjective or 
another adverb. The conjunctive adverb has the 
same use and also joins a dependent to a simple 
sentence. 

Rule of Syntax. — Adverbs modify verbs, adjec- 
tives and other adverbs. 

THE PREPOSITION. 

88. The preposition has but one use in a sentence. 
It forms a prepositio7tal phrase with the noun which 
it governs, and this phrase is used as an adjective 
or as an adverb. As adjective : The trees in the 

forest are green ; as adverb : We rode on horses. 

Rule of Syntax. — Prepositions govern the ob- 
jective case. 

THE CONJUNCTION. 

89. The conjunction has but one use in the sen- 
tence. Co-ordinate conjunctions join two words or 
two phrases or two principal sentences or two de- 



THE CONJUNCTION. 81 

pendent sentences. Subordinate conjunctions join 
a dependent sentence to a principal sentence. 

Rule of Syntax. — Conjunctions join words or 
sentences. 

90. The exclamation has no grammatical relation 
to the rest of the sentence. 

In the following exercise parse the adjectives, ad- 
verbs, prepositions and conjunctions. Select the 
prepositional phrases and state what they modify. 

EXERCISE XXVIII. 

That was the coldest day of the winter. The drowning 
catch eagerly at straws. The passengers escaped from the 
ship in boats. We had hardly seen the lightning when we 
heard the thunder. The ox quietly pushed the gate open and 
went into the field. Do you know when you can come to 
school again ? Have you seen James lately or not ? Neither 
Robert nor Harry got out of the old hut soon enough. He 
and I went slowly along the dark path. That horse is finer 
than mine. A beautiful deer sprang suddenly from the thicket 
and bounded off. Many of the soldiers fought fiercely as long 
as the enemy were in sight. When we came we found that 
the robbers had gone away. The master came unexpectedly 
and saw that his servant was asleep. I broke the longest 
stick in the pile. Those who wish tickets to the show must 
come early or they cannot get them. You have not yet told 
me where you are going to-morrow. We sold this house that 



82 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

we might buy a better one. He did not know when the ex- 
pected letter would come. Henry soon saw where a deer had 
crossed the muddy road and gone through the woods. In the 
spring all the birds came back. The frightened animals sud- 
denly plunged into the river and swam quickly to the opposite 
bank. Get your skates and come with us to the lake. Tell 
General Smith to cross the river. Give these papers and 
books to Judge Greene. 

Analysis. 

91. Sentences have been divided, according to 
their use, into Principal Sentences and Dependent 
Sentences. They are also divided, according to 
their form, into the three classes following. 

(1) Simple Sentences which are composed of 
one Principal Sentence. 

(2) Complex Sentences which are composed of 
one Principal Sentence and any number of dependent 
sentences which modify words in the Principal 
Sentence. 

(3) Compound Sentences which are composed 
of two or more Principal Sentences and any of these 
Principal Sentences may have any number of De- 
pendent Sentences joined to them ; as, 

Simple Sentence : We caught the bird. 



THE CONJUNCTION. 83 

Complex Sentence : We caught the bird because 
it was lame. 

Compound Sentence : We caught the bird, but it 
got away ; or, We caught the bird because it was lame, 
but it got away ; or. We caught the bird because it 
was lame, but it got away when we started home. 

The Simple Sentence. 

92. In the analysis of Sentences, given in part 
the first, the names Subject and Predicate were 
given to single words. These words are commonly 
called Grammatical Subject and Grammatical Predi- 
cate. The Grammatical Subject (a noun or some- 
thing used as a noun) when joined with all the 
adjectives which modify it, is called the Logical 
Subject or Total Subject. The Grammatical Predi- 
cate (a verb) when joined with all the adverbs which 
modify it, is called the Logical or Total Predicate. 

Thus, in the sentence. My fine horse ran away 
yesterday. Horse is the Grammatical Subject and 
ran is the Grammatical Predicate ; but My fine 
horse is the Logical or Total Subject and ran away 
yesterday is the Logical or Total Predicate. 

93. To analyze a Simple Sentence it is divided 
first into Logical Subject and Logical Predicate — 



84 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

as Washington, the general of the Americans, cap- 
tured a large British army at Yorktown. Logical 
Subject — Washington, the general of the Americans. 
Logical Predicate — Captured a large British army 
at Yorktown. 

Then analyze as before word by word ; as, the 
subject is WashingtoTiy the is an adjective limiting 
General, General is in apposition to Washington, 
of is a, preposition governing Americans, the is an 
adjective limiting Americans, Americans is the 
object of the preposition of, captured is the predi- 
cate, a, large and British are adjectives modifying 
army. Army is the direct object. At is a preposi- 
tion limiting Yorktown. Yorktown is the object 
of at, ^ ^ "^ This is a Simple, Declarative 
Sentence. The phrases are, of the Americans, a 
prepositional phrase used as an adjective limiting 
General, and, at Yorktown, a prepositional phrase 
used as an adverb limiting captured. 

Analyze as above the following sentences : 

EXERCISE XXIX. 

The boy on his way to school found a purse hidden in the 
grass. Did you see the fox running through the woods with 
a dead bird in his mouth? Reaching the river we found it 
very much swollen on account of the rain. The great tree 



THE CONJUNCTION. 85 

fell crashing with its branches far and wide. Robert the driver, 
sitting quietly in his place, soon stopped the frightened horses. 
With a great cry the poor man loosed his hold on the rope. 
By dealing honestly Henry the peddler became rich in a few 
years. Is Charles in any danger of falling from his bicycle on 
that icy road? The soldiers having captured the city were 
allowed a short rest by the general. Which of the passengers 
gave the signal to the conductor of the train ? 

94. To analyze a complex sentence it is divided 
first into Logical Subject and Logical Predicate. The 
dependent sentences may form part of the Logical 
Subject or of the Logical Predicate ; as, While he 
was at Yorktown, Washington, who was the Ameri- 
can general, captured a large British army. 

Logical Subject, Washington, who was the Ameri- 
can general. 

Logical Predicate, Captured a large British army 
while he was at Yorktov/n. 

Then analyze word by word as in last example. 
Then state, as before, This is a complex declarative 
sentence. The principal sentence is, Washmgton 
caphired a lai^ge British army. The dependent sen- 
tences are. Who was the American general^ used as 
an adjective, limiting Washington ; and. While he 
was at Yorktown, used as an adverb, limiting 
captured. 



86 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

Analyze the following sentences : 

EXERCISE XXX. 

The dove which I tamed has gone away. You cannot have 
again the time which you waste. When he comes I shall tell 
him the truth. If we knew it we have forgotten it. While 
the thief was coming into the house the gentlemen were wait- 
ing for him in the hall. The trees will be green again when 
summer comes. The girls did not leave home because it was 
snowing. We found the money which was lost last night. 
Those people behave so badly because they have never been 
taught better. Since I saw you I have been to New York. 
Can you not give John this letter when you see him ? Where 
was the merchant while his store was burning ? The hunters 
crossed a river which was very deep. Those gloves which I 
wore yesterday were bought when I was in Paris. The boy 
with whom I saw you yesterday met me as I was coming here. 
Henry, to whom you lent your horse, will return it when he 
gets home. The deer which was crippled by the hunter tried 
ha-rd to get away when he saw the dogs. We should be grate- 
ful to those who aided us when we were in trouble. 

95. To analyze a compound sentence it is divided 
first into the simple or complex sentences which it 
contains, and these are analyzed as in the examples 
already given. 



THE CONJUNCTION. 87 

Analyze the follovv^ing- sentences : 

EXERCISE XXXI. 

We caught the hare which the dogs were chasing, but let it 
go when we saw that it was not fat. The man to whom Henry 
lent some money came to him yesterday and pa^'d what he 
owed. George tried to find the watch which he lost in the 
woods, but it could not be seen because the leaves were so 
thick. When the dog barked the thieves stopped, but they 
soon sneaked on again. As he saw the lady coming he went 
to meet her, and they walked to the porch together. While 
I was in the woods I saw a squirrel, but he ran up a tree and I 
did not shoot him. After the train came we started, but we 
soon stopped because the engine broke. Before William went 
away he promised me a letter; I have, however, never heard 
from him. As we were going to church we met a beggar, 
when we came back he had gone. If you catch a fine fish 
while you are at the river bring it to me and I will buy it. 




88 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

WRITTEN REVIEW. 
I. 

1. State in your own language the definition of the common 

noun, the proper noun. 

2. Write the class, gender and number of the following: cow, 

boy, birds, grass, lake, length, sheep, New York, 
swine. 

3. Write five sentences each having a common noun as 

subject. 

4. Write five sentences each having a proper noun as 

possessive. 

5. Write five sentences each having a masculine noun as 

direct object. 

6. Write three sentences containing compound nouns. 

II. 

1. State in your own language the definition of the verb and 

the distinction between transitive and intransitive 
verbs. 

2. Define Voice, Mood, Tense. 

3. Write five sentences containing verbs in the Active Voice, 

and then change the sentences so that the verbs shall 
be Passive. 

4. Write five sentences with irregular verbs in Active, Indica- 

tive, Past, as predicates. 

5. Write five sentences with the predicate in the Imperative. 



WRITTEN REVIEW. 89 

III. 

1. Write five sentences containing a present infinitive used 

as an adjective. 

2. Write five sentences containing a present infinitive used 

as a noun in the nominative case. 

3. Write five sentences containing a present infinitive used 

as a noun in the objective case (direct object). 

4. Write five sentences containing a present participle used 

as the object of a preposition, 

IV. 

1. Make as complete a list of prepositions as you can. 

2. What prepositions are used after the following words : 

mad, kind, kin, sorry, anxious, fond, tired, pleased? 

3. Write five sentences each containing a prepositional phrase 

used as an adverb. 

4. Write five sentences each containing a prepositional phrase 

used as an adjective. 

5. Write five sentences containing prepositions governing 

collective nouns. 

V. 

1. State in your own language the definition of the adjective 

and the distinction between qualifying and limiting 
adjectives. 

2. Define comparison and give examples of both methods. 

3. Write five sentences containing adjectives used as nouns 

subject. 



90 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

4. Write five sentences containing adjectives used as nouns 

and governed by prepositions. 

5. Give definition of Cardinals and Ordinals. 

VI. 

1. State in your own language the definition of the pronoun, 

and make a sentence in which the personal pronoun of 
the first person shall be used in all three cases. 

2. What is the difference between the use of her and hers ? 

3. Write a set of sentences showing how the relative pronoun 

may be subject, possessive, direct object, &c., while the 
antecedent remains subject all the time. Example : 

{a) This is the man who came (subject). 

ip) This is the man whose book we read (possessive). 

4. Make a similar set of sentences showing how the antece- 

dent may be used as direct object, &c., while the relative 
remains unchanged. 

VII. 

1. State in your own language the definition of the adverb, 

and tell what comparison is. 

2. Write five sentences containing adverbs modifying verbs. 

3. Write five sentences containing adverbs modifying 

adjectives. 

4. Write five sentences containing adverbs modifying other 

adverbs. 

5. Write five complex sentences containing conjunctive 

adverbs. 



EXERCISE. 91 

The following exercise for analysis and parsing is 
appended. It contains some points not included in 
the text, but a little care will enable the student to 
understand these : 

1. The king yielded to his barons. 

2. The stranger asked for wine, and began to praise that drink. 

3. The entire army was in terror when night set in. 

4. Old men are generally more cautious than young ones. 

5. Wisdom is the most desirable of all qualities. 

6. This boy tried to kill the duck, but she flew away from 

her tormentor. 

7. The moon floats high in the clouds. 

8. The mountains were covered with snow all the year. 

9. This fort has withstood the assaults of our enemies in 

many battles. 

10. Jane, take the cat and carry her to the barn. 

11. The shipwrecked sailors had to get into boats when their 

vessel began to sink. 

12. My mother and her friend, the countess, will soon come. 

13. Mary told her father the truth. 

14. Birds build their nests cunningly in order to avoid their 

enemies. 

15. I have lost my knife, but I hope I can find it again. 



92 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

16. Knowing the man, the officer had no difficulty in arrest- 

ing him. 

17. Never mind what he says, do as I told you. 

18. The uniform of the general was far more splendid than 

that of his soldiers. 

19. I know well enough when you came. 

20. The girl showed us where the fox was. 

21. In reading and writing, Mary is excelled by no pupil in 

the school. 

22. The elephant lives far longer than man. 

23. The enemy was driven from the castle with great slaughter. 

24. Regardless of their danger the boys went into the pond. 

25. The winner will be presented with the prize. 

26. This is a horse that I value. 

27. Where are the books which you bought to read ? 

28. Starvation forced the soldiers to surrender, though fhey 

wished to hold out a few days longer. 

29. When the town was destroyed complaint was made to the 

general. 

30. Some people do not fancy these pictures. 

31. This boat is being built for the carriage of freight. 

32. The origin of these laws is unknown. 

33. The truth of this statement cannot be doubted by any. 

34. We thank you for all of your kindness to us. 

85. The settlers suffered greatly by the delay of their friends 
in sending them supplies. 



EXERCISE. 93 



36. These shepherds will find it impossible to cross the river. 

37. Yonder is our dog, call him here. 

38. The oxen are tired of their work. 

39. No one supposed that the girl would be so brave as she 

proved. 

40. So soon as we caught the young bear the old ones came 

upon the scene. 

41. The fondness of wild animals for their young has been 

noticed by every observer. 

42. Go quickly and see if the horse has eaten its corn. 

43. These are things that puzzle me dreadfully. 

44. They say that the old man is rich, but one cannot be sure 

of that. 

45. When one sees danger coming he should avoid it. 

46. Which do you like better, the horse or the colt? 

47. The otter watched eagerly for a chance to catch the fish. 

48. This violin was made by a German who lived a hundred 

years ago. 

49. The queen had three nephews, all of whom were brave 

soldiers. 

50. There was, in the attic, a large chest in which the old 

clothes were kept. 

51. The Indians killed all, men, women and children, that 

came in their way. 

52. No one can be blamed for doing what he thinks is right. 



94 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

53. We were not able to hear what the boatman called across 

the river. 

54. This man is not, I fear, what he seems. 

55. He that you help should help you. 

56. Is there anyone who knows who did this ? 

57. Who can aid us ? 

58. The boys like whoever is kind to them. 

59. Whatever you think, we cannot do this. 

60. The judge punished whomever he chose. 

61. Give the painting to whomever you wish. 

62. By rising early this morning, we saw a magnificent scene. 

63. No one could help loving her. 

64. The army tried to surprise the city by climbing the cliffs 

in the night. 

65. The king and his officers rode swiftly all day. 

66. We watched the store three hours. 

67. The messenger waited a day before he returned to his 

master. 

68. As the child insisted upon having the knife the father gave 

it to him. 

69. How can you do so ? 

70. I told you so. 

71. No one can tell whether this is so or not. 

72. Whenever they come to our house, which is not often the 

case, we are glad to see them. 



EXERCISE. 



95 



73. This horse is not so old as you suppose. 

74. As we came down the hill we saw the water glistening in 

the moonlight. 

75. A man as old as you should know better than that. 



96 



PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS. 


Present. 


Past 


Past Participle, 


arise 


arose 


arisen 


be or am 


was 


been 


beat 


beat 


beat, beaten 


begin 


began 


begun 


bid 


bid, bade 


bid, bidden 


bind 


bound 


bound 


bite 


bit 


bit, bitten 


bleed 


bled 


bled 


blow 


blew 


blown 


break 


broke 


broken 


bring 


brought 


brought 


burst 


burst 


burst 


buy 


bought 


bought 


cling 


clung 


clung 


come 


came 


come 


cost 


cost 


cost 


creep 


crept 


crept 


cut 


cut 


cut 


do 


did 


done 


draw 


drew 


drawn 


drink 


drank 


drunk 


drive 


drove 


driven 


eat 


ate 


eaten 


fall 


fell 


fallen 


feed 


fed 


fed 


feel 


felt 


felt 


fight 


fought 


fought 



LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS. 



97 



LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS 


—Continued. 


Present. 


Past 


Past Participle. 


find 


found 


found 


fly 


flew 


flown 


forget 


forgot 


forgot, forgo^en 


freeze 


froze 


frozen 


get 


got 


got, gotten 


give 


gave 


given 


go 


went 


gone 


grow 


grew 


grown 


have 


had » 


had 


hide 


hid 


hid, hidden 


hit 


hit 


hit 


hold 


held 


held 


hurt 


hurt 


hurt 


keep 


kept 


kept 


know 


knew 


known 


lay- 


laid 


laid 


lead 


led 


led 


leave 


left 


left 


lend 


lent 


lent 


let 


let 


let 


make 


made 


made 


meet 


met 


met 


pay 


paid 


paid 


put 


put 


put 


read 


read 


read 


ride 


rode 


ridden 


run 


ran 


run 


say 


said 


said 



98 



PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS- 


—Continued. 


Present 




Past. 


Past Participle. 


see 




saw 


seen 


sell 




sold 


sold 


send 




sent 


sent 


shake 




shook 


shaken 


shoot 




shot 


shot 


shut 




shut 


shut 


sing 




sang 


sung 


sleep 




slept 


slept 


speak 




spoke 


spoken 


spring- 




sprang 


sprung 


stand 




stood 


stood 


steal 




stole 


stolen 


sting 




stung 


stung 


strike 




struck 


struck 


swear 




swore 


sworn 


swim 




swam 


swum 


swing 




swung 


swung 


take 




took 


taken 


teach 




taught 


taught 


tell 




told 


told 


think 




thought 


thought 


wear 




wore 


worn 


weep 




wept 


wept 


win 




won 


won 


write 




wrote 


written 


The above 


list 


contains only 


such verbs as are 


used in the exercises in this book, together with a 


few others of most 


common occurrence. 



INDEX. 



A, An 31, 84 

Absolute Nominative 78 

Abstract Nouns 4, 80 

Active Voice 15 

Adjectives 30-35, 83 

Adverbs 52-57, 87 

Analysis of Sentence 26, 91-94 

Antecedent 47 

Apposition 65, 80 

Articles 31, 84 

Attributive Adjective 83 

Auxiliary Verbs 63 

Be 63 

Can 63 

Cardinal Numerals 36 

Case 5, 11 

Clauses 48 

Collective Nouns 4 

Common Gender 5 

Common Noun 4 

Comparison of Adjectives 33-35 

Comparison of Adverbs 53 

Comparative Degree 32, 86 

Complement 64 

Complex Sentence 91, 94 

Compound Nouns 10 



100 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

Compound Pronouns 43 

Compound Sentences 91 

Conjugation of Verbs 20 

Conjunctions 59-61, 89 

Conjunctive Adverbs 55, 87 

Co-ordinating Conjunctions 59, 89 

Correlatives ^ 61 

Declension of Nouns c . 11 

Definite Article 31, 85 

Degrees of Comparison 32 

Demonstrative Adjectives 37 

Dependent Sentences 48 

Direct Object 24, 80 

Distributives 36 

Do 63 

Emphatic Conjugation 70 

Etymology 21 

Exclamations 58, 90 

Feminine Gender 5 

Finite Verb .... 16 

Future Tense • . . 17 

Future Perfect Tense 17 

Gender 5-6 

Gerund 76-78 

Grammatical Predicate • . . . 92 

Grammatical Subject 92 

Have 63 

Imperative Mood 14, 16 

Indefinite Adjective 37 

Indefinite Article . . . o 31, 84 



INDEX. 101 



Independent Nominative . 80 

Indicative Mood 14, 16 

Indirect Object 27, 80 

Infinitives .16, 72-75 

Inflection 3 

Interjections 58, 90 

Interrogative Conjugation 71 

Interrogative Adjective 39 

Interrogative Adverbs 55 

Interrogative Pronouns 44 

Intransitive Verbs 25 

Irregular Comparison 35 

Irregular Verbs 19 

Limiting Adjective 30-31 

Logical Subject c , 92 

Logical Predicate 92 

Masculine Gender 5 

May 63 

Modal Adverbs 55 

Mood 14, 16 

Neuter Gender 5 

Neuter Verb 64 

Nominative Absolute 78, 80 

Nominative Case 10, 80 

Nominative Independent 66, 80 

Noun 4-5, 6, 8-11, 80 

Number 5, 8, 14, 18 

Numerals 36 

Object 24, 27-28, 80 

Objective Adverbial 64, 80 



102 PRIMARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

Objective Case 10, 24, 27, 64, 88 

Ordinal Numerals 36 

Parsing 23 

Participles 63, 76-78 

Parts of Speech 2 

Passive Verbs 15, 63, 67 

Passive Voice 14-15 

Past Participle 19-20, 63 

Past Perfect Tense 17 

Past Tense 17, 19 

Perfect Participle . 62,67,82 

Person (Nouns) 5, 7 

Person (Pronouns) 42 

Person (Verbs) ................. 14, 18 

Personal Pronouns 42, 81 

Phrase 79 

Plural Number 8 

Positive Degree ... . . , . 82 

Possessive Case . ... . . . . . . .... . . . 10, 80 

Possessive Pronoun . . . ....... 45 

Potential Mood 14, 16 

Predicate . . 12, 92 

Predicate Adjective 64, 83 

Predicate Noun 64, 80 

Preposition . , 28-29, 80, 88 

Present Participle 76-78 

Present Perfect Tense .....*.. 17 

Present Tense 17-19 

Principal Clause 48 

Principal Parts of Verb 19 



INDEX. 103 



Progressive Conjugation 69 

Pronouns, Personal c . . . . 42 

Pronouns, Compound 43 

Pronouns, Interrogative 44 

Pronouns, Possessive 45 

Pronouns, Relative 46-49 

Proper Nouns 4 

Reflexive Pronouns 43 

Regular Comparison 33-34 

Regular Verb 19-20 

Review 88-91 

Relative Pronouns 46-49 

Responsives 57 

Sentences 12, 79 

Shall 63 

Simple Adverb » 55 

Simple Sentence 91, 93 

Singular Number 8 

Subject 12, 80, 82, 92 

Subjunctive Mood 14, 16 

Subordinating Conjunctions 59, 89 

Superlative Degree » . . . 32, 86 

Syntax 22 

Tense 14, 17 

Transitive Verb 25 

Verb 13, 82 

Voice 14-15 

Yes, No 57 



DEC 8 1898 



